Workers Organize, but Donft Unionize, to Get Protection Under Labor Law
By STEVEN GREENHOUSE
SEPT. 6, 2015 - The New York Times
SANTA FE, N.M. — Jorge Porras used
to report to his carwash job here most mornings at 8:15 a.m., but he said that
his boss often did not let him clock in until 11, when customers frequently
began streaming in. Many days he was paid for just six hours, he said, even
though he worked nine and a half hours.
One day, when the heavy chain that
pulled cars forward got stuck, Mr. Porras tried to fix it, but it suddenly
lurched forward and cut off the top of his right ring finger. The injury caused
him to miss work for the next two weeks, he said, but he received no pay or
workersf compensation for the forced time off.
Mr. Porras and nine co-workers
became so fed up that they took an unusual step. They formed a workers committee
(not a labor union) and sent a certified letter to the owner of the carwash. In
it, they complained about being ginsulted and humiliatedh in gfront of our
co-workers and customersh and protested being required to work off the clock and
not being given goggles or gloves even though they worked with toxic
chemicals.
An advocacy group for immigrant
workers, Somos Un Pueblo Unido, advised Squeaky Cleanfs workers to set up such a
committee because the National Labor Relations Act — enacted under President
Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1935 — prohibits employers from retaliating against
workers for engaging in gconcertedh activity to improve their wages and
conditions, even when they are not trying to unionize.
In an era when the traditional
labor unions envisioned by Depression-era supporters of that law have weakened
steadily, many advocates now see work site committees as an alternative way to
strengthen workersf clout and protections.
Simon Brackley, president of the
Santa Fe Chamber of Commerce, said Somos had exaggerated the prevalence of wage
violations and had been too quick to pounce on employers. But Somos is not
backing down, and many worker groups are now copying its work site committee
idea, which has been adopted at about 35 restaurants, hotels and other companies
in Santa Fe.
gA lot of workers donft know about
labor unions, and a lot are scared of retaliation if they try to form one,h said
Marcela Diaz, the executive director of Somos Un Pueblo Unido (We are a United
People). gSo we have to find ways to protect workers when there isnft a
union.h
Santa Fe may be a famously artsy,
liberal community, Ms. Diaz said, but many businesses too readily take advantage
of their immigrant employees.
Luis Muñoz, a co-worker at the
Squeaky Clean Car Wash, said their boss frequently humiliated workers, sometimes
shouting, gYoufre good for nothing.h One winter day, Mr. Muñoz said, the boss —
complaining that cars were not being washed faster — soaked him with
bone-chilling water from a hose.
Only days after the Squeaky Clean
workers sent their letter in 2012, the owner fired Mr. Porras, Mr. Muñoz and
four others. The fired workers and Somos complained to the National
Labor Relations Boardfs regional office in Phoenix. That office soon filed a
civil complaint against Squeaky Clean, accusing it of unlawfully retaliating
against the workers for engaging in what the courts call gprotected, concertedh
activities.
gWe knew wefd have little
protection if we acted alone,h Mr. Porras, an immigrant from Guatemala, said in
Spanish. gBut we knew that if we formed a committee, wefd be protected.h
Ultimately, the labor board
ordered Squeaky Clean to reinstate the workers and pay $6,000 in back wages. The
carwash agreed separately to pay $60,000 to settle claims for minimum wage and
overtime violations.
The workers say that, in response
to the worker committeefs pressure, the carwash has improved conditions for
those who complained (but not necessarily for the rest of the crew) — paying
them for their full eight hours and giving a one-hour lunch break and one-week
paid vacation. Jay Ritter, Squeaky Cleanfs owner, did not respond to telephone
messages seeking comment.
These newfangled worker committees
have been accumulating victories. In recent years, workers at 12 New Mexico
companies have complained to the N.L.R.B. that they were fired for pushing to
improve conditions. In 11 of those cases, the labor boardfs Phoenix office found
that the firings had been unlawful and pressed for the workersf
reinstatement.
gA lot of people thought the
National Labor Relations Act could be used only during unionization campaigns,h
said Andrew Schrank, a labor relations specialist who recently became a
professor at Brown University after teaching at the University of New Mexico.
gTheyfre finding that the National Labor Relations Act is much more expansive
than many people thought.h
Richard F. Griffin Jr., the labor
boardfs general counsel, said a 1962 Supreme Court case — involving a
spontaneous walkout because a factory was so cold — makes clear that the
National Labor Relations Act protects nonunion workers, too.
gItfs important that people
understand that the law applies to all private sector workplaces and protects
activity outside the context of union activity,h Mr. Griffin said.
Somosfs success has impressed
officials at many of the nationfs 230 immigrant worker centers.
gWefre looking at taking some of
these steps,h said Adam Kader, director of the Arise Chicago Worker Center. gWe
urge workers to form committees with as many people as possible. We know three
people out of 20 at a workplace is much better than one out of 20.h
To the relief of business, labor
specialists say these committees will rarely if ever be as effective as
traditional unions, which are larger and engage in collective bargaining.
Somos, a 20-year-old immigrantsf
advocacy group, originally focused on persuading New Mexico lawmakers to let
immigrants without legal papers obtain driverfs licenses. That effort succeeded.
The group has since found a fresh calling, fighting for immigrants who face
workplace problems, sometimes by staging raucous protests after workers filed
claims alleging wage theft or illegal firings.
gWe feel that the groupfs tactics
are over the top,h said Carol Wight, chief executive of the New Mexico
Restaurant Association. gI think there are nicer, more effective ways of getting
what you want — achieving justice for workers.h She said most restaurants tried
to comply with labor laws, but New Mexico has various overlapping minimum wage
laws that can make compliance difficult.
Glenn Spencer, executive director
of the U.S. Chamber of Commercefs Workforce Freedom Initiative, voiced concern
that some immigrant worker groups like Somos were fronts for unions and were
being used to help rebuild the labor movement.
Ms. Diaz said Somos was not
fronting for unions, adding that they had shown scant interest in organizing
low-wage immigrant workers in New Mexico.
gItfs hard to form unions,h
acknowledged Mike Archuleta, immediate past president of the Northern New Mexico
Central Labor Council. gIf these workers could join a union, I would prefer
that. But as far as protecting their own rights, these worker committees are the
next best thing.h
Four hotel housekeepers at the
Holiday Inn Express in Los Alamos were fired after forming a workers committee
and complaining to management about harsh treatment, favoritism and unfair
punishments. A federal judge ordered them reinstated with $11,375 in back pay. A
receptionist at the hotel said there was no one to discuss the case.
One of the first cases involved 19
janitors for the Santa Fe school system who formed a workers committee in 2008
because they were upset that a supervisor was repeatedly harassing female
workers, they said. The committee contacted the cleaning contractor that
employed them, Merchants Building Maintenance, and pressed it to take
action.
That supervisor soon retired, but
the next year, the contractor refused to rehire the committeefs 19 members,
while rehiring almost everyone else. After extensive litigation, a labor board
judge ordered that the employees be reinstated, and the janitors received
$130,000 in back pay. The janitors were never rehired because the company lost
its contract with the school system. Merchants Building Maintenance did not
respond to inquiries.
Three workers at Posafs El
Merendero restaurant here said they were fired after sending a letter asking
management to discuss their concerns: not being paid for attending a 5 a.m.
monthly meeting, not being paid when they worked through lunch, and often not
being paid time and a half for overtime.
gIf I were to do this on my own,
they would just fire me and that would have been the end of it,h said Mayté
Flores, a cook who lost her job. gWhen we wrote the letter together, we were
able to protect ourselves.h
The N.L.R.B. ordered the restaurant
to rehire the workers.
Jeff Posa, the restaurantfs
co-owner, criticized Somos and defended his actions.
gI canft say anything positive
about them,h he said, asserting that the group incites workers to attract
members and membership fees. Somosfs membership fee is $20. Mr. Posa said the
fired workers had provoked heated arguments in the kitchen with co-workers.
gI donft want to have people that are upset making my food,h he
said. gThatfs not good for my workers or my customers.h
Mr. Porras, the carwash worker,
said the campaign was having ripple effects across the city. gIfm helping other
workers,h he said. gPeople in Santa Fe are less willing to abuse workers because
they see workers are standing up for their rights.h